Wednesday, March 25, 2015

Reading Diary B: English Fairy Tales

English Fairy Tales:

Henny-Penny:
So when I was first reading through this story, it reminded me of the game "telephone."  You know, where one person says something, and it gets passed along. It also reminded me of how gossip spreads - one person may say something but then as word spreads, people tend to not examine the actual situation but accept it as truth.  I'm not sure if that's what the author intended for this story, but I think the author did a good job of illustrating how destructive it can be.

Molly Whuppie:
This is an interesting story.  So far, I think I like the second half of the English Fairy Tales unit more than the first.  This story was neat since it highlighted how clever and brave Molly was.  I also had heard the "Fe fi fo fum..." rhyme when I was younger, but I never knew where it was from and now I do!

Johny-Cake:
I had already read this story before since I used it as a part of my storybook but before that, I hadn't heard of it.  It's interesting and thought it was a strange idea of a cake running away.  I wonder how the author came up with that.  Anyways, I'm not sure if the author intended for this, but my take-away was that you shouldn't brag or be overly confident - Johny-cake certainly was, and it led to his demise.

Mr. Miacca:
Wow, this story is pretty sickening.  The thought of cannibals, and a boy trying to run away... I wonder why the mom knew about this but didn't do anything - maybe she just thought it was a tall tale? Kudos to the boy for being clever enough to escape twice.  Hopefully he stays safe from now on.

Fairy Ointment:
I have also read this story before since I used it for my storybook.  When I read my storybook, I focused more on the magical abilities of the ointment and how cool it'd be to see new things that were possibly always there! When I read it this time, I focused more on the character she was now able to see and that outcome.  I think it's sad that she was blinded over the whole incident - I don't think she was ever told not to use the cream so it's a shame she was punished for it.



"Prince Arthur and the Fairy Queen" by Johann Heinrich Fussli
Source:  Wikipedia

Tuesday, March 24, 2015

Reading Diary A: English Fairy Tales

English Fairy Tales:

Tom Tit Tot:
Wow, this was a very strange tail.  It started with the pies and the girl eating them all, then it ended with her rising her life in order to have flax.  I didn't really understand what character was giving her this quiz on his names - was it an animal or what?  Thank goodness she got it right.

The Rose Tree:
Wow, this is quite a twisted tail as well.  The girl lost candles so the step mother killed her, dissected her, and then fed her organs to her father?  That is so disgusting.  I wonder what point the author was trying to make with this story.  It was dreadful.

The Old Woman and Her Pig:
This is a strange story as well (common theme).  I wonder why the author chose to write a story about a woman getting home and not focus on the journey as much as trying to make the journey sound catchy.  It was like a sing-along while reading it, but I hate all the death and destruction at the end of the story.

Binnorie:
Wow, all of these stories are weird.  I'll probably keep on saying that.  It's really sad that one sister would kill the other over a guy.  Obviously it's very painful to have the guy you love choose someone else, much less your sister, but killing the sister was very drastic and sad.

Cap o' Rushes:
Awww, this is a good story.  I love how Cap o' Rushes did not brag about getting along so well with the master's son and was so humble about the whole thing.  It stinks her wedding food had to taste so bad though - I feel like that is extreme to make everyone have nasty food just to make a point to her father.  Perhaps just his food could have been un-salted?  Anyways, I really like how everything came together at the end.  This was a wonderful tale!


A map of England
Source:  Wikipedia

Week 10 Storytelling: Kingdom Split

                Once upon a time, there were two brothers who were both trying to reign over a kingdom.  One of the brothers, Chase, was older and more selfish but the younger brother, Sam, was more reserved but much more caring.  One day, Chase decided that he wanted to make a giant lake in his yard so he ordered his workers to go through the village and take everyone’s water from their wells and kitchens in order for him to have a giant lake to go wake-boarding on.  Although it seemed like a fun idea, Sam knew that the people of his kingdom needed water to stay hydrated and survive.  Thus, he tried to persuade his brother to make it a community lake so all could come and drink from it or to make his lake more of a pool so that it didn’t require as much water.  Chase refused and ordered his servants to make the lake twice as large.  Thus, Sam ordered his own servants every night to return most of the water that had been confiscated.  Every morning, when Chase woke up to go to the lake, he didn’t remember exactly how much water there was originally and just assumed there wasn’t much water to begin with.  Thus, the kingdom survived based off of Sam’s plan.



Lake Macquarie
Source:  Wikipedia

                A few months later, Chase decided that he wished for there to be 100 puppies in his castle so he ordered his servants to go and confiscate enough dogs to satisfy his need for cuddles.  Thus, the servants went around the kingdom and collected everyone’s puppies leaving children very upset and parents disgruntled.  Sam heard that the kingdom was very upset over losing some of their favorite pets and tried to reason with his brother.  Sam pointed out that puppies are hard to potty-train and if they aren’t given enough attention, can become ill-behaved dogs.  Again, Chase refused to listen to his brother and hoarded all the puppies in his castle for weeks.  Then, Sam came up with a plan.  He decided to put the cow manure all over the Chase’s favorite rug in the castle and thinking it was from the puppies, Chase would want them all gone and the puppies could return to their original owners.  Thus, Sam asked a townspeople who particularly wanted their puppies back to do the honor and the next morning, all of the puppies were freed and the kingdom was happy once again. 


Author’s Note:  This story is loosely based off of the Grizzly Bear and Coyote story written by Shuswap.  The story is a part of the British North America unit and is from Myths and Legends of British North America by Katharine Berry Judson and was published in 1917.  My story is pretty different in terms of setting and characters from the original story, but the storyline remained the same.  In the original story, a grizzly bear wanted darkness and winter for most, if not all, of the year and the coyote knew that wouldn’t be good so he continually countered the grizzly bear to save life on earth.  

Tuesday, March 17, 2015

Reading Diary B: British North America

British North America:

Turtle and Thunder:
That was certainly and abrupt and unexpected ending.  It's sad that the people who he thought could help him were killed and that he took no one else's help.  I wonder if there was meant to be a moral for this story or not.  It was certainly strange and I'm not sure why it's still around.  It was interesting, but I honestly just don't get the point.

The Making of Lakes and Mountains:
Again, it's an interesting story, but I just don't get the point.  This one at least explained why there are mountains and lakes - but that was such a side element to the story, that I feel like they would have emphasized it better.  I wonder if the bears wanted to eat the woman or capture her or what.

Coyote and the Salmon:
This is a strange story.  Maybe it's more common for the British North Americans, but I usually thought of coyotes as cunning and now in these stories, I see them as being in charge and powerful creatures, respected by others.  With that being said, they were totally tricked by the salmon which is strange.  I don't normally think of fish as cunning or creative.


Salmon
Source:  Wikipedia

Nanebojo and the Geese:
This story was unexpected.  I didn't think that the geese would get away at the end.  After all, Nanebojo was cunning enough to trick the geese and it's nice that he supported his grandmother.  He'll be in for a rude surprise when he gets back and there are no geese.  Those geese that escaped will know better than to cross him again.  At least he's already off to get more so they should be taken care of.

The Adventures of Nanebojo:
This kid has the worst luck.  Between this story and the last one, he has serious animal-catching issues.  I feel like he should trust his grandmother to know more and to be able to help.  Maybe he should have done the hard work of building a cabin and let her try to catch food since she is probably very wise.

Wolverene and Rock:
The wolverene was somewhat asking for it.  He should not have rudely disturbed rock the way he did.  He got what was coming to him.  I still feel bad for him.  Cool visual of the storm though - I love rain and thunderstorms, so it was nice to read about them.

Reading Diary A: British North America

British North America:

Beliefs:
This story wasn't even really a story.  It was strange.  Not bad by any means, but it was just basically stating the belief that there were five worlds.  I have never heard this theory and wonder if some people still believe in it today.  It is sad that when "afraid of nothing" came to earth, that a lot of people would get sick and die.

Creation of the World:
This is a pretty interesting explanation for the world.  At the end, I was confused that what we call earth was created since I thought that was where the chief's daughter came from in the first place.  I guess not, but it's a neat story.  I've said this for other tales, but I like it when the ending is an explanation of why things are the way they are today.  This certainly is a fun explanation for an earthquake.

Creation of Earth:
I think this story is cool.  I thought it was strange that even though earth was the one who was critical, bossy, and constantly complaining, she still was able to be the one who ended up with the good stuff - never alone and surrounded by flowers and good things in general.  I think it stinks that the sun was "punished" even though he just had a super grumpy wife.  It's cool though that the sun, moon, and stars are meant to be seen by all.  I have lived a few places where you couldn't see the stars at night and certainly missed it.  I'm glad that I now can where I live now.

Origin of Rivers in Queen Charlotte Islands:
Hmmmm this story is really creative.  I definitely would not have thought of it myself.  I wonder where people get these sorts of ideas to come up with them.  It's a fun explanation for the rivers, for sure, but I can't imagine thinking of explanations like this.  Although, I wouldn't have imagined being able to make up a storybook and have done that last semester and this semester.

Grizzly Bear and Coyote:
I really like the coyote - it wasn't his responsibility to protect the world, but he stood up to the grizzly bear and did so.  I think this is a cool explanation for the seasons.  I've heard of explanations for the earth and the rivers, but I don't think I've ever heard one for the seasons, especially not one like this.  I also think it's interesting that a coyote, who typically represents slyness, represented such a good character in this story.


An Alaskan coyote.
Source:  Wikipedia

This is a cool story.  I wonder why the boy would give away a robe that he realized could catch fish so easily, though.  Too bad his whole village left him, but hopefully he and his grandmother made it.  I think it's fun that the sun got it bright colors from something a grandmother made, though.

Sunday, March 1, 2015

Commenting Review Week

Being able to interact with the other students via commenting on blogs has been a wonderful way to connect with other students in the class.  I have been in a couple of other online courses and never before have I felt like I knew others in my class.  I think it's really important that you allowed us to not only comment on classwork but also introductions - reading introductions of the students gave me a better idea of who my classmates are rather than just awesome storytellers.  The comments I've received on my storytelling posts haven't been as helpful, but the comments on my storybook have been wonderful and have had enough constructive criticism to give me things to fix.  I really appreciate the variety of feedback because each person has a different thing they seem to look for in storybooks so I've gotten a variety of things to re-examine for my storybook.  I found it hard to be too constructive on short comments because they are short and also the writing is less technical in a way so there's not as much to critique.  For long comments such as comments on the storybook, there's plenty of things I can look at from introduction to stories to transitions to the other pages of the storybook that I have a better grasp of things to critique on.  If anything, I would suggest that every week or every other week, we take a look at the comments on our storybook and fix those things as well (I revise your storybook to include your suggestions to revisions but until now, I didn't even realize what great feedback my classmates had been leaving) - that might be a good assignment.  In fact, maybe every other week we comment on storybook and the other week we update our storybook or storytelling posts in response to comments from our classmates from the week before?

North Shore Port Lincoln, South Australia
Source:  Wikipedia

Writing Review Week

I have really enjoyed this class so far and one of my favorite parts in addition to being able to read such a variety of fun stories is being able to write creatively - it's so different from any writing I do for my major and I enjoy being able to put fun spins on my stories.  I don't feel like the storytelling posts are my strength - I feel like my stories are mediocre and I am constantly overwhelmed by the creativity of the stories of others' in the class.  However, I put a lot of effort into the storybook, and I feel like that is where my writing skills are more honed and there is a lot of creativity and because the storybook is so different from anyone else's, I don't mentally compare it to the storybooks of others and can easily appreciate their work as well as my own.  I have been blown away by the talent in this class - from Letters majors to Psychology major and Engineering majors, everyone has such a talent in writing creative stories which is really neat.  The feedback I've been getting has been wonderful.  Professor Gibbs - I feel like your feedback is the most helpful, hands down, but I have a feeling if I checked the comments written by my fellow classmates more often, than I would find their comments even more helpful.  The short and sweet writing strategies are also very useful and the examples are great because like many others, I learn better by example than by just reading what I'm supposed to do.

This picture is from one of my more recent storytelling posts which was a re-telling of a Cinderella-type story.  I made the story about a girl who was a friend of cats rather than a friend of turkeys and made it more modern.  
Source:  Wikipedia

Reading Review Week

Out of all the readings I've done so far for this class, my absolute favorite reading unit was the Arabian fairy tales.  I really enjoyed reading the original Aladdin story as well as Arabian Nights.  I also really enjoyed the Chinese Fairy Tales unit and the Saints and Animals unit.  They were easy to read as well as unique and I usually did not foresee the ending to the stories which kept it interesting throughout the readings.  When I took Indian Epics, I found myself writing paragraphs of information for the my reading diary and because it was a cohesive novel, that worked well.  For this class, however, I found myself writing a paragraph per story (a few stories didn't get written about if I didn't have much to comment about), and I liked this because it kept my reading diary organized and gave me a good place to provide the link to the story.  Also, I could put my image right below the story it was supposed to go along with right by my comments and the story's link.  I used to read a lot for pleasure but since I started college, I have been unable to read for pleasure since I'm so busy.  I look forward to reading a lot this summer, however, and I typically enjoy novels by Jodi Piccoult since they are always thought-provoking and put me in someone else's shoes so easily and thoroughly.  I always feel emotionally invested in her novels and cannot put the book down until I am finished.  Even re-reading her books is exciting.  Because I am in mostly science classes, I don't see much connection between this class and my other clasess, but this class definitely ties into life since there are lots of moral lessons and anecdotes from different stories that I have read.  I honestly don't have any improvements for the readings for this class.  Although I don't enjoy all the readings, it is good to have the experience and opportunity to read all sorts of literature from different parts of the world, and I didn't foresee enjoying Chinese Fairy Tales as much as I did.  If I hadn't been required to read from any particular units, I probably would have stuck with what I knew and not experienced the joy of reading literature from other cultures.  I'm excited to hear that you are coming up with an Un-Textbook for Indian Epics - I have absolutely loved the Un-Textbook for this class and am excited at the idea of having one for the other class.



Aladdin from the Arabian Unit.  I chose to include this image because reading the original story of Aladdin was one of my favorite readings I did for this class if not my favorite.  
Source:  Wikipedia

Thursday, February 26, 2015

Famous Last Words for Week 7

Hey, everyone! Congratulations on making it to the end of this week – I feel the need to congratulate you all because I’m not sure about you all, but this week has been rough for me and sometimes we just need a word of encouragement for doing simple things because those can be really difficult at times.  Anyways, rant over.  To be honest, I haven’t written anything besides comments for this week since I did it earlier in the semester and I can’t remember which piece of writing I was proud of for this week.  However, I did read other people’s work and was very impressed.  All the storybooks were great and I was particularly impressed by someone’s story who wrote about Yama.  The introduction was mysterious and the love stories were so wonderfully written – I was incredibly impressed.  However, all the storybooks I read were great and I was super excited to read each and every one of them.  As for my other classes, they are going.  I am anxiously awaiting spring break so I can get a little break from everything.  I moved most of my rounds to February so I could get the majority of them over with, but that means lack of sleep and dealing with some crazy situations.  I love my job, but I desperately need to catch up on sleep and that will probably have to wait until spring break.  On a happier note, spring break is only two weeks away which is hard to believe.  I feel like my classes are just starting to pick up and I’m hoping that time flies because it’s been really tough being in the full swing of things with everything going on.  Dancing in Dale started back up so I’ve been going to that and I’m looking forward to Kaleidoscope Evening with OU’s College of Arts and Sciences tomorrow evening.  It’s going to be a very fancy event, and I’m excited to meet some distinguished alumni and hear their stories alongside my fellow Leadership Scholars.  


This reminds me of Kaleidoscope Dinner - fancy tableware that I am not entirely sure how to use
Source:  Wikipedia

Monday, February 16, 2015

Extra Reading Diary: Pacific Northwest Unit

Pacific Northwest:

How Silver-Fox Created the World:
This story is rather interesting.  I have heard many theories on the creation of the world or how the world came into being, but this is the first one I have heard like this.  I wonder if the tribes of the Pacific Northwest honored coyotes and/or silver-foxes or why those were the animals chosen to be a part of this story.  It is certainly a unique tale and I haven't heard one like this before.  I'm not really sure what to think, but I'm not sure I particularly care for this tale in all honesty.

Three Coyote Stories:
The first story is interesting.  I'm not sure if there is supposed to be any sort of moral or take-away from the story, or if the story is more important in context of the others to show that the coyote doesn't have as much power.  Either way, I wonder why the coyote went after the people he had created and the silver-fox didn't.  The second story I feel like had more of a definitive purpose - to show why the coyote is the most cunning.  I was a bit confused though because the first story of the unit and the first sub-story of this story was about the coyote and silver-fox creating the world and now an old man is attributed to having done it?  The third story is strange as well.  I wonder why the coyote is getting so much heat and now dying?  What about silver-fox?  Maybe the tribe hates coyotes although the first story didn't seem so bad.

How Old Man Above Created the World:
This story is interesting as well.  One of the first things I noticed was that this story contradicts the others so it leads me to believe that these stories weren't told to children as truth since there was more than one version within one culture alone.  Some differences I saw was the old man creating the world and the fact that the grizzly bear was feared (rather than the coyote).  I like the idea that this story connects to the present and explains why smoke never rises from that location anymore.  I think stories like that are more fun and add something extra to things we could see present day.

How Beaver Stole Fire:
I like this story for the same reason I like the previous story - it provides a fun explanation for why things are the way they are (today).  I wonder why the beaver was chosen or why the beaver was the animal to have stolen the fire.  I would have expected it to be a coyote because they are supposed to be cunning.  I'm glad some more animals got to steal the show, though :)

Chinook Wind:
Same idea as some of the previous stories - it explains why things are the way they are.  I didn't like this story quite as much because it involved deceit, revenge, and death.  However, it was well-written, and I respect that.

The First Totem Pole:
This story was slightly confusing for me.  Maybe it's moreso that I'm having trouble focusing.  Either way, I found it hard to be engaged and would not say that this was my favorite story although like I said, I still respect the stories even though perhaps this unit is just not the unit of my interest.



Ketchican Totem Pole
Source:  Wikipedia

Sunday, February 15, 2015

Monday, February 9, 2015

Week 9 Storytelling: A Beggar Cinderella


Years ago in the outskirts of Chicago, there lived a young woman about 17 years of age who was left to fend for herself.  This young woman, Katie, went to school everyday and was oftentimes mocked by those around her for her ratty clothes and her scuffed up shoes.  Whenever school was over, she would walk back to the dumps and took care of the cats that she lived by.  The tabby cats were particularly fond of her and she commonly would feed them any scraps she could find while also entertaining them with little wads of paper she'd throw for them to run after.  Sometimes, a kind stranger would give her a meal but usually, she was on her own.  One day, her school was hosting its annual prom.  Although she couldn't afford a dress, she always dreamed about going to her senior prom in a beautiful dress and falling in love with a boy.  The tabby cats knew about this dream since the girl told them about it often and were determined to give her the night of her life.  On the afternoon of the dance, the tabby cats appeared with a beautiful dress, jewelry, shoes, and earrings, as well as a ticket to the dance.  Katie was so excited she could hardly wait, but the tabby cats told her, "If you go, make sure you don't forget about us.  We were your first friends and have considered you one of our own." Katie promised to never forget them and was shocked that they were even concerned about this possibility.  She went to the dance, realized she didn't know how to dance, and came back to hang out with the tabby cats as if nothing had ever happened.  Katie had experienced her high school prom and realized it wasn't everything it was made out to be.  Thus, she returned back and was thankful for what she had even though it wasn't very much to begin with.


A pair of tabby cats
Source:  Wikipedia

Author's Note:  My story is based off of The Girl and the Turkeys from a book written in 1929 by Stith Thompson called Tales of the North American Indians from the Native American Marriage Tales unit.  In the original story, the girl had turkeys who she cared for and she went to a festival/dance that was customary for the people instead.  At the end, she doesn’t get back to the turkeys at a decent hour so they give up on her and leave.  I didn’t like that so I changed the ending and made it more modern.


Sunday, February 8, 2015

Reading Diary B: Native American Marriage Tales

Native American Marriage Tales:

The Dog-Husband:
This is a weird story as well.  It's a nice idea that it was common for a dog to sleep at the foot of a girl's bed to protect her, perhaps, but it is a little weird that she had kids with this dog - at least he was partially man.  It would be hard to raise five kids on her own - I can't imagine.  It's neat that they can turn into human form, though.  I feel like the mom shouldn't have been so angry when she found that out though.

The Youth who Joined the Deer:
It's weird that this man was friends with deer although he was so good at hunting them - that doesn't seem to make sense.  I wonder how the deer discovered that throwing their bones in the river would revive the killed deer.  It's a little messed up for them to eat each other even though they come back to life - that would be such a weird feeling.  I'm glad that the man felt guilty and thought of his wife and child at home, but I'm very frustrated that even though he consciously thought of them, he still went with this new woman.  It's interesting that the deer wanted to help this man keep his new wife so much that they helped him beat the other bucks off for her.  It's a neat ending that he taught others about how to treat the deer.

The Girl and the Turkeys:
This story seems to be set up very well - the author described in great detail the poverty the girl lived in, her kind heart, and her relationship with the turkeys.  It stinks that the people did not show her more kindness - I'm assuming she is an orphan since there's no mention of her parents.  It's an entertaining thought that the turkeys would present her in a way that would make every man wish to marry her and hopefully then she would have someone to take care of her.  I'm really enjoying this story - how the turkeys were able to clothe her in such beautiful garments and how when she arrived, everyone's eyes were on her.  I can only imagine the commotion she caused among everyone who seems to think they had never seen her when really, they had been ignoring her this whole time (when she appeared as a beggar).  It is sad that even though she went back for them, it was too late in the eyes of the turkey and she was transformed to her old form and it was as if nothing had happened.  This time, however, she didn't even have the turkeys to watch over.


A domesticated male turkey
Source:  Wikipedia

Reading Diary A: Native American Marriage Tales

Native American Marriage Tales:

The Piqued Buffalo-Wife:
This story certainly is unique.  A man gets a cow pregnant and the boy and woman are human at first?  Then, the man strikes his wife with fire and they revert back to their original form?  I think it's very unique but also sort of disgusting.  Unique in the fact there is so much form-changing between animal and human form and then back, but it is quite disgusting that a man would mate with a cow.  Nasty.  I would be interested to know if the reason this story is told is because it is the origin of the Bull and the Horn societies (although it's not even possible) or why it would be preserved and told among generations.

Bear-Woman and Deer-Woman:
This story is sort of messed up, too.  It does not seem to be a marriage tale, either.  It simply is a tale of friends betraying one another and animals eating other animals.  I would have thought that the point of this story was to show why certain animals are no longer friends (sort of like the cat and dog story I read earlier - I think it was from the Chinese Fairy Tale unit).

Splinter-Foot-Girl:
This is a very strange story.  I was hoping the bull was simply a name given to a man but apparently not.  It  is also weird that the child came out of someone's leg - I wish there was more explanation for this and wasn't brushed off so lightly - that would have been interesting to read about.  The bird is clever to send a different bird to convince the guys to let them have their daughter.  I wonder if the bird was trying to protect the people from the buffalo's rage.  I think that this is an interesting take on why buffalo are now considered to be "under men's control."  Again, I'm surprised this is a marriage tale since it seems that the main focus is more on the men fighting the buffalo and why they're no longer friends.  I'm glad the fathers were willing to accept hardship and danger in order to keep their daughter safe from crazy guys.

The Fox-Woman:
This is a very strange story.  This man had unknowingly married a fox who would do nice things for him such as cook, clean, and do laundry.  It would be creepy to see fox skin hanging and creepy that suddenly a woman would appear.  I'm surprised the man wasn't more alarmed.  I think it's sort of neat though that someone (the fox) would be so helpful without looking for credit or any sort of reward for the nice things she did especially since they weren't married (in reality) or anything.  If she was under that illusion, though, it was still nice.

The Woman stolen by Killer Whales:
I wonder why this story chose to portray killer whales and sharks in these different lights.  I'm also surprised the Native Americans knew about killer whales and sharks since these are salt-water animals found in the deep - certainly not in shallow water and not inland where many Native American tribes would be.

The Bear-Woman:
This is a super weird story.  It would be very comfortable to see a human/bear set of lovers.  I also wonder if the older sister had this bear-transforming ability before she met her bear-husband or if she gained it afterwards.  This is a cool explanation for the stars in the shape that they are - I wonder if other cultures have their own explanations or if this one is simply accepted and not many others think of a need to explain it.


A brown bear running across the grass.
Source:  Wikipedia

Extra Reading Diary: Native American Hero Tales

Native American Hero Tales:

The Jealous Uncle:
I haven't gotten too far in this story and already have a few things I want to say.  One, why in the world does the wife and families continue let this man get away with murder?  He's not un-touchable or elusive.  Simply put, no one stands up to him (or at least it seems to be that way).  Two, it will mess up the child if they make him pretend to be a girl for so long - that would be confusing and then he will switch genders like a flick of the light switch?  Three - why do they let the boy go see the uncle when they already think they know the fate? The boy is clever to escape the wood - but seriously, what are his parents thinking to let him go in the first place?  It's neat that the boy was rescued and that he even found a wife out of this experience, but it's so sad that he didn't mention going back to visit his parents for so long.  I would have thought that would have been one of his first things he mentioned/asked for.  It's nice, in a way, that he lets his uncle have a chance at his life - somewhat merciful while also not entirely merciful.  I didn't completely understand the whole eagle thing - was he disguised as an eagle and used large eagle wings to fly and he was concealed under the feathers or was it believed that these people could transform into eagles?  I think it was the first thing I mentioned, but I wasn't completely clear on that.  I also was wondering if the tribe chose eagles because they are majestic or if because practically speaking, they were really good at killing them.  I don't know very much about Native American culture but it certainly is interesting and it'd be neat to learn more about it.  I'm surprised this is one of the hero tales - the boy doesn't really save anyone except for himself.  It's a cool story, but I wouldn't have necessarily categorized it this way.

Dug-From-Ground:
I wonder if the grandmother knew from personal experience not to dig double-stalked roots or if she was just cautioned not to do so and followed the instruction given to her.  I understand that it's sort of crazy that this young woman found this baby but especially after she went through the trouble of running after it as if it was hers, she then decides to not even look at what she's been looking for?  Anyways, it's pretty crazy that she avoids looking at him for so long and only is home when it's dark.  I would have thought that maybe she has some past story about losing a son but the story already said she was a virgin so it's not possible for her to already have had a son.  At the end, I don't understand who he marries.  Is it not mentioned (perhaps he marries someone he meets on the other side of the world) or does he marry one of the women (grandmother or mother)?


Native American Chiefs in 1865
Source:  Wikipedia



Saturday, February 7, 2015

Extra Reading Diary: Folklore of Laos

Folklore of Laos:

A Child of the Woods:
This is interesting - I think it's neat to see the transition from such a hateful person to somewhere who now has a special relationship with the beasts and nature, and is a much more warm person because of it.  I had to read the story an extra time to pick up everything, but I like how it is in first person - it adds a lot more than writing it in third person would (I would guess).

The Enchanted Mountain:
Oooh, I really like this story.  It made me think of the Garden of Eden although I know there are several differences.  I think it's a beautiful picture of untouched nature that is so exquisite on its own that no man could make it better or harm its beauty.  I think it's neat that those who find it do so unintentionally and those who try to find it are unable to.  It gives off a mysterious feel which is neat.  I think it's fun that not all believe - it's a legend of sorts.

The Spirit-Guarded Cave:
This story is sort of like the last one - it makes us think about this legend of sorts.  I think it was sad that the people had to be enslaved although it was the lesser of two evils.  I think it's neat that their treasure was guarded and no one has found it yet.  I think stories like this are cool because it makes us wander and dream about whatever mystical thing may/may not exist.

Why the Lip of the Elephant Droops:
The author of this story was very creative - attributing the droop of an elephant's lip to a cannibal woman madly pursuing twelve young girls whose parents don't want them anymore.  It's a sad story - I wish I knew what happened to the twelve girls.  The creativity is quite impressive, however.

The Man in the Moon:
I like how this story has a moral - appreciate what you have.  It's fascinating how the man met someone with the power to change him into so many things.  I feel like if the man could have reverted back to his original form then he could have shared what he knew and made the world a better place being in it than from afar as the moon, however.  Oh well.

The Parrot and the Minor Bird:
This is an interesting story.  I wonder if the sao bird actually ever existed (or if it still does).  The poor bird got hurt - I was afraid the man would kill it, though, and was relieved he didn't.


A map of Laos
Source:  Wikipedia

Storytelling for Week 7: Puppies vs Kitties

Back in a small town in the outskirts of London, there lived a modest family in a wooden cottage.  The family consisted of a father who was a teacher, a mother who was a nurse, and two twin boys who were in the first grade.  Although the family did not have a lot of money, they made it a point to help anyone they could.  Thus, many of the forest animals stayed around their cottage to the scraps at the end of the day.  This is how the family came to adopt a loyal mutt and a small tabby cat.  The two twin boys grew to love the cat and dog, and the boys would race home from school every day in order to teach them new tricks.  At first, the cat and dog were not used to so much attention, but they loved every minute of it and did not want to lose it.  The dog constantly went out of his way to help the boys – he would bring them big sticks to build a fort with.  The cat, on the other hand, was more concerned with the boys entertaining her and felt no need to go out of her way to help them in any way.  One rainy day, the boys found a small shivering kitten in the rain outside and asked their parents if they could take care of it until it got better.  The dog, sensing the boys’ new interest, curled around the kitten to keep it warm and licked the top of its head in a concerned way.  The cat, on the other hand, drank the warm milk that night that the boys had set aside for the kitten once the family had settled into bed.  The dog saw this and was concerned for the shivering kitten and woke the boys up to help.  However, the boys did not realize the intentions of the dog and were angry to be woken up.  Thus, the boys put the dog out in the rain for the night while the selfish cat sat inside and watched from the warmth of the fireplace.  Because of this, dogs and cats are no longer friends.

A dog and cat.
Source:  Wikipedia


Author's Note:  I chose to re-tell the "Why Dog and Cat are Enemies" story from the Chinese Fairy Tales unit The Chinese Fairy Book edited by Richard Wilhelm  and translated by Frederick Wilhelm then was published in 1921.  I kept the point of the story the same but changed the details.  I also wrote my story in third person so I could get a more over-arching view of things rather than having a limited perspective on any of the characters.

Friday, February 6, 2015

Reading Diary B: Chinese Fairy Tales

Chinese Fairy Tales:

The Little Hunting Dog:
This is a fun story - I like it a lot.  It sort of remind me of the story of the guy who got tied down by mini people (Gulliver's Travels?), but these little people were helpful which was neat.  I really appreciate how the author put descriptions and compared the horses and falcons to things that I know the size of - flies, for instance.

Fox-Fire:
Although this story is certainly interesting and unlike anything I've read before, I would say that this probably isn't my favorite.  I like how the farmer boy was able to have such powers despite his humble roots, but I wish there was more details and development into the story rather than being so brief.

The Talking Silver Foxes:
This story is so strange to me.  Childless parents taking a part of a lime child and drinking it?  And then a farmer smoking a joint?  Also, this festival seems to occur somewhat frequently for how strange it is.  The note before the story was helpful, though, and it helped me understand why the author chose a fox to be the animal that gave him his magic.  I'm surprised the man whips the fox though since they were considered mystical creatures by these people.

Retribution:
I honestly don't understand what point (if any) the story is trying to make.  The whole story just seems sort of pointless and sad.  I mean, someone falls to their death and the witness is scared to come forward.  Everyone hears of the body and nine years later, It was an accident.  Yet, the witness is killed years later.  I wonder how they knew it was him all of those years later.  I wish they understood it was a mistake.

The Maiden who was Stolen Away:
That was a very strange story.  My first thought was that I didn't realize China had tornadoes but I suppose those can happen just about anywhere?  In the beginning of the story, I felt bad for the man.  But as soon as I realized he was really an ogre trying to deceive her, I felt bad for the girl and admiring her for not caving and marrying him out of desperation.  I'm really glad she got the help she needed.  I wonder how long she had been up there total.


Chinese pagoda at Tiboli Gardens
Source:  Wikipedia

Ugh, this story stinks.  It is very creative, though.  As soon as I read that the small boat was covered and the sorcerer said not to touch it, I figured it was the sorcerer's ship.  I'm surprised the students continually not only touched the stuff they were isntructed not to, but they were also clumsy enough to mess it up.  I think that it's totally evil that the one boy who insulted the sorcerer was turned into a pig and then was butchered - that's absolutely awful! I hope the boy who told on the sorcerer ended up being okay.  This is a frightening story.

Aww, this is a sad story.  The guy didn't seem evil at all - especially since he took it upon himself to risk his life many times to save his people and even left his home to protect them.  I almost wander if the informant knew that the mandarin's character and made it up to get him out of the way.  That would be a plot twist for sure.

Monday, February 2, 2015

Reading Diary A: Chinese Fairy Tales

Chinese Fairy Tales:

The Favorite of Fortune and the Child of Ill Luck:
This is a neat story! I think it's really cool that the princess repeatedly stood by what she believed in and did not waver - in choosing the beggar as her husband and by faithfully remaining his wife even though an apparent stranger/emperor was asking about her marital status.  I wonder how she knew (in the first place) that the beggar was the "favorite of fortune."  I'm certainly sure his appearance did not give that impression.  I was saddened by the fact that her father did not continue to love and respect her once she chose the beggar.  Thank goodness her mother took care of her, even if it was in secret.  I'm glad the beggar-husband came back to her, but I hate that the wife died.  She stayed so true and faithful - I wish she had a better ending.

The Cave of the Beasts:
I have mixed feelings about this story - I like how it ends so happily, but I also don't like that the daughters and their father pretended nothing happened - it's like they intentionally ignored the fact that he meant to leave them to die in the mountains.  The girls are smart too have not let the wolf/fox escape even though they said they'd give up some jewels - that would have lead to their destruction for sure.

Why Dog and Cat are Enemies:
This is an interesting take on cats versus dogs.  When I first started reading the story, I thought I recognized it but as I read on, I came to realize that I don't think I've read this version.  The story is easy to read and concise - with enough detail to keep it interesting but not too many details to get caught up in.  I wonder how many dog versus cat stories show the dog as the evil one - it certainly seems like the ones I've read make cats out to be the bad ones.

The Girl with the Horse's Head (Silkworm goddess):
This is such a strange story.  First of all, the promise to marry the horse didn't shock me too much - I feel like I've read enough stories that involve cross-species relationships to not be thrown for a loop too much.  As for the horse hide wrapping her up - that's super weird.  Also, it's weird she became in charge of the silkworms rather than anything related to horses.  It's also possible silkworms are somehow significant to horses, though - I do not know much about horses so maybe so.

The Miserly Farmer:
This is a cool story - I like how even though the farmer wouldn't give the priest a pear, a kind person paid for one for the priest - faith in humanity restored.  It would have been so neat to see the tree go so quickly - it stuck out to me that they brought hot water to pour on the planted seed though.  I'm sure the stingy farmer felt silly afterwards, and I hope he decided to be more generous from then onward.


A modern day view of "Greater China"
Source:  Wikipedia

Sunday, February 1, 2015

Week 6 Storytelling: Playground Wars

Back at Lincolnwood Middle School, there was a strong dynamic between the small first graders and the intimidating and rowdy fourth graders.  The fourth graders would continually take all the good playground equipment, but the first-graders were too scared of their taunting jeers to say anything to the teacher.  After all, they didn't want to be considered a "snitch."  On day, a fourth grader named Randy offered a challenge to any one of the first graders.  He said that if someone could beat him in a treasure hunt, he would allow the first graders to have half of the playground equipment and the fourth graders vowed to keep the second and third grades from taking it from the first grade.  None of the first graders stepped up to the challenge day after day, but after listening to a month of taunting, one brave small first grader named Charlie decided he had experience enough and wanted the taunting to end.  Thus, at recess that afternoon, he approached Randy and said he'd accept the challenge.  Randy said, "Tomorrow at noon, if you can find a buried toy in the dirt before I do, you can have half of my playground kingdom." First, Charlie was upset - how was he supposed to dig up a toy?  The fourth graders had all of them - there's no way he could find one.  Even if he did, it would be really gross.  That night, when Charlie was getting ready for bed, he thought of a plan.  He decided that in the morning, he would get to school early and bury one of his own toys from home. Then, at noon, he would know where to dig the dirt up and would find it.  At noon, he did just that and won the playground back for the first graders.  Charlie soon became very popular among the first graders and as a result, he had new confidence and was no longer afraid to talk to older kids about problems the first graders had concerning the older students. Charlie served as their mediator and was loved by all  Randy respected Charlie from then on and they ended up being good teammates in high school as a part of an archaelogical recovery team.


 Typical elementary school playground
Source:  Wikipedia

Author's Note:  My story is based off of The Tiger and the Frog found in Tibetan Folk Tales which were compiled by Albert Shelton and published by his wife in 1925 based off what she found written down by him after his death three years earlier.  I wanted to make this story be more modern and between kids because it makes it more relatable and brings fond memories of childhood and the playground rivalries that most of us experienced.  I kept it third person so both characters could be talked about equally - also, the original story was in third person.


Famous Last Words for Week 3

Hey, everyone! This week hasn’t been too incredibly exciting, but I’m guessing that may be for the better (haha).  For this class, I have spent quite a bit of time reading people’s storytelling and introduction posts and am very impressed by both their writing skills, and the caliber of students in this class.  Most people seem to be seniors, but I’m also very impressed by those who are balancing school on top of family life and other major things such as jobs because they value education so much.  I’m really excited to see everyone’s storybooks/portfolios!  As for my other classes, school is going pretty well so far.  Physical Chemistry with lab is by far my hardest/most time consuming class, but I really enjoy it so far!  I don’t remember a ton of Calculus from freshman year, but I’m getting there (fingers crossed).   Speaking of time-consuming things, I also work in a research lab and spent 12 hours there this week so it’s been pretty busy, but I enjoy it.  I’ve worked in this lab on and off since freshman year and am now using it to cover my Biochemical Methods credit to graduate.  I really like working in the lab I’m in – everyone is really nice and my professor is incredibly caring and passionate about what she does.  On another note, I even had an exam already for the semester which is also crazy – immunology.  We’re nearly a month into school – it’s so unreal! Other than that, I had rounds this week a couple times and we have shadows from the RA class which is pretty fun.  Last night was the shortest weekend rounds I’ve ever had – they only went to 3:15 am rather than 6 am which I’m used to.  I also had youth group this week which was interesting – lots of discussion on perceptions of the afterlife which is always interesting to me.  I hope you guys are rooting for the Seahawks tonight! Have a great week!


Blitz, the Seattle Seahawks mascot
Source:  Wikipedia

Monday, January 26, 2015

Extra Reading Diary: Stories from Congo

Stories from Congo:

How the wives restored their husband to life:
Ndoza'ntu has a very impressive skill - but Songa'nzila knowing which road without having the dream?  That's really crazy!  I wonder if the man didn't even consider mixing the pots - I wouldn't have necessarily thought of that on the spot after coming back to life.  After all, all three of his wives played an important role in helping him come back to life and they should all be thanked in their own special yet different ways if he doesn't want to thank them the same way.

How gazelle got married:
Why would the father declare war on his daughters' new husbands?  I feel like that would be the last thing he'd want to do because of their new husband lost, he would not be able to provide for his wives and they'd starve.  I could understand the father declaring war before the new husband took them to be wives but after?  And also, they have terrible memories - that's very frustrating.  It's nice that they took care of the dog though.  I find it interesting that they'd take care of the dog yet declare war on the owner, though.

Another Vanishing Wife:
I hate that Mavungu was treated so terribly as a child but find it very interesting that for each leaf he pulled off, a beautiful man or woman appeared.  I think that's very strange yet neat.  Was there some sort of witch that trapped the people in that form?  That would be what I was wondering.

The Jealous Wife:
I can't believe this elder wife would kill a child.  That's so disgusting.  And the other child had to witness it - that's so scarring.  I'm sure the new wife is scared as well.  It's too bad her husband didn't believe her at first but I suppose if he did, that would be a bit alarming as well.

The Wicked Husband:
Ugh, this is a nasty story.  I really don't like it.  I wonder why the people of the Congo tell such terrible, dark stories.  I can't believe that they'd do anyone any good to hear them.

The Twin Brothers:
First off, I like how the story starts off at the beginning - at their births.  Are these the same brothers from before?  Where one was abused?  Oh, guess not.  Maybe those are simply common names for this time/culture?  Anyways, there's so many charms in this story.  It is a bit confusing.



Congo, on a map
Source:  Wikipedia

Reading Diary B: Tibetan Folk Tales

Tibetan Folk Tales:

How the rabbit killed the lion:
This is an interesting story - based on the proverb, I didn't foresee this lion killing himself.  I don't like that the lion drowned.  I wonder if the rabbit knew/thought he would.  I also wonder what kowtow means.  I'll have to look that up.

The Story of the Three Hunters:
I think it's a quite drastic measure to kill someone based off the piece of meat they got.  Surely, this must have been a building hatred but why?  The third wife didn't hate her, so I'm guessing the brothers couldn't have been treating the sister that much better anyways.  If anything, they should pity the sister for not having her own man to take care of her anyways (not that women need men to take care of them...).  It's really quite terrible the men killed their own wives and then shared the third - was the third wife even okay with that?

How the Raven Saved the Hunter:
This is a sad story - the raven sacrificed his life to warn the hunter and to save his. I'm glad the hunter lived regardless, but I hope the hunter vowed to not hunt ravens at all anymore or something as a way to honor the raven who died on his behalf.

The man with five friends with different colored eyes:
I'm so glad the man had a friend to back him up.  I feel it was a bit ridiculous for the man to have had 10 children with a woman in order to tell her secrets though.  Did people commonly have that many children?  Perhaps, the father simply meant to never trust women?  Either way, I can't believe the wife would so easily give up on her husband.  Surely she knew the consequences of her actions.

A Rabbit Story:
Man, this must be the fiercest little rabbit that I've ever read about.  Most of the stories that I've read presents them as nice, soft, cuddle-y little animals.  I wonder why the author chose to present the rabbit as such an evil-doer this time.  It certainly is unique though.



European rabbit relaxing in the grass
Source:  Wikipedia

Reading Diary A: Tibetan Folk Tales

Tibetan Folk Tales:

The Tiger and the Frog:
I really like how clever the frog is - convincing the tiger he beat him at jumping and also would give him a match in a strength competition - very sneaky.  I also think the frog is quite brave for having the guts to bite a tiger's tail in order to latch on for the jump.  It was also clever that the frog addressed the fox in a way so that the tiger was under the impression the fox was on his side.  I imagine the tiger ran so fast the fox didn't have time to explain himself and probably couldn't later since he was being dragged along.

The Cony who got into bad Company:
I think this is a very important lesson to learn.  Since I'm an RA, I see this situation played out a lot of different ways in the residence halls.  On just about any set of rounds, I find residents breaking the rules and anyone in the room is written up for it and they can then plead their case to student conduct.  Those in bad company often get in trouble just like those who were performing the "bad deed."  We are told this lesson since the time we're young, but there's so much truth to it.  It's not a promise, but it is certainly a probability.

The Donkey and the Rock:
This was a great ending.  I wish I had a better perspective on how valuable half a cent would be to the people of this time, but I really like how the king handled it.  It's an important lesson to learn to not be so caught up and entertained by the gossip and other people's hardships but instead support them, which the king made them all do (essentially).

How the fox fell a victim to his own deceit:
Although I feel like death was not a good way to teach the fox a lesson, I do hate how he tried to turn the friends against one another.  I mean, what does that even accomplish?  As ridiculous as it may seem, this happens a lot in real life as well, whether intentionally or unintentionally.  Gossip has this power and can be so destructive.

Covetousness:
This tale is not my favorite, although I admire the moral lesson that it teaches/entails.  It is never a good thing to covet another person, or their stuff, but it is also very tempting and oftentimes we don't realize we do it.  The harm was very apparent in this story but in real life, we don't always realize its harm until later.

The story of Drashup and the goddesses:
This story is pretty sad.  It starts off all the sad descriptions of Drashup and why everyone should feel super sorry for him and then his wife dies at the end.  That guy most have one of the most terrible lives.  And the fact that the wife did something bad when her husband was gone reminds me of the Aladdin story since the women just weren't informed of the reasoning behind their husbands' actions.


Cute yet cunning fox
Source:  Wikipedia

Friday, January 23, 2015

Extra Reading Diary: Georgian Folk Tales

Georgian Folk Tales:

Master and Pupil:
This is a slightly scary slightly creative story.  Making a deal with the devil - never a safe sort of thing.  I know it's just a story, but I'm surprised the boy was (or seemed to be) so composed the whole time.  I'm glad the boy could return home to his family.  Additionally, he could morph into animals which is pretty cool!

Fate:
Wow! What a story - I definitely did not see the ending coming (maybe I should have).  The whole premise - the weaver who was very poor (I thought he had nobody with him besides his daughter yet the daughter said her mother took care of her injury after the stabbing?), the prince who all the girls desired, and this strong sense of fate.  I wonder if the prince ever told his new wife the truth about what happened or if he was too afraid that she would not forgive him.

The Two Brothers:
This is a sad ending. The boy got dragged out in the end by a bear.  There's a lot of sad endings in these folk tales that I've noticed...what's up with that?  Maybe that's the biggest differences between folk and fairy tales?  Folk tales don't have to have happy endings and fairy tales usually do?

The Shepherd Judge:
This judge is certainly impressive.  It reminds me of Solomon(?) in the Bible since similarly, there were two people who had a major dispute and it didn't seem like there could be a good way to solve it but sure enough, the judge solved the problem and everyone who saw it was amazed.

Georgia:  The Priest's Youngest Son:
Based off the title, I'm guessing this is the story behind the founder of the people since he has the same name as the region/nation? Anyways, this story is nice and happy - I like it! It stinks that not all the brothers could pay enough respect to their deceased father and read to him, but at least the youngest son did it.  It's great he got a reward, but I think that based off his character, he would have done it anyways.  I'm glad he got to marry the princess and was able to heal his mother-in-law.


A white horse - this is what I picture the priest's youngest son riding when he goes to see the princess
Source:  Wikipedia

Thursday, January 22, 2015

Week 5 Storytelling: Ghostbusters

Once upon a time, there were a husband and wife duo who frequently bickered.  The husband was a humble man who worked hard performing manual labor daily despite his growing age whilst his wife remained at home cooking, sewing, and socializing with other women.  One day, the wife lost her temper completely and throwing her pots and pans in her husband's direction yelled, "You don't provide for me - if I could go back in time, perhaps I would have remained with my father and mother...at least then I always had a big meal to eat and could heat the house freely.  But you barely make enough to buy flour for the bread!" The husband, blinking away tears, looked down at the ground and slowly walked out of the house.  Hurt but determined, he sought to find a better paying job to have in addition, or maybe in place of, his current occupation.  While walking down the road, he saw something white to the right of him.  When he looked, he couldn't believe his eyes! He saw a ghost!  "The government thought they got rid of them all," the man thought.  The man took a photo of the ghost and thought out loud, "Maybe, if I show this to the police, they'll pay me a reward for staying quiet and providing proof that they're not all gone!" The ghost knew this would mean his demise so he urged the man - if you be quiet, I'll give you an even greater reward! The man, realizing the profit he could gain, made a deal with the ghost, was paid, and sought to find even more ghosts.  Luckily, he did.  Just like that, he became a professional ghost hunter and made a lot of money.  It wasn't until years later that he could tell others about his stories and adventures, but we'll save that for another time.  As for his wife, when he returned with money, she apologized profusely before she even realized how much money her husband had made.  She made a promise to be more supportive and they were much happier from then on.

Author's Note:  My story is based off The Ghost who was Afraid of being Bagged from the Folktales of Bengals which were collected by Lal Behari Day from storytellers in the early 20th century.  I wanted to make the story more modern and change up the ending a bit.  The plot line itself has some different details but overall, the story is the same.


Haunted chateau (2009)
Source:  Wikipedia


Reading Diary B: Folktales of Bengal

Folktales of Bengal:

A Ghostly Wife:
Is this story the same guy for the previous story?  It has the same ghost theme, the man is a brahman, and he lives with both his wife and mother... Anyways, if so, what an unfortunate couple.  It's a good thing that the mother started to notice differences and that she chose to not say anything to the ghost but to confirm her suspicions with her son in order to not set off the supernatural.

The Origin of Rubies:
Man, parents who spoil one child and disregard the rest don't realize the harm.  Not only does the spoiled child grow up with serious behavior problems that have now grown pretty much permanent, but the other children and that child will not be able to get along.  Anyways, same idea for this story.  I'm anticipating the siblings to come into play somewhere.  I wonder if the king of the great land is doing that to his daughter.  Anyways, I wonder if the queen and her son have thought about going home yet... The other sons must be wondering where they are.

The Origin of Rubies (ctd):  
So this is an interesting ending - I did not see it coming.  I expected the prince to die searching for rubies or to get detained while getting more rubies but no, he gets two beautiful women as wives?  What in the world! I definitely did not expect that.  Anyways, it's definitely a creative ending - I did not see that happening.  Sort of gross imagery with the whole head separate from the body and the blood being the rubies - blah!

The Ghost who was afraid of being Bagged:
This story starts off sad but gets very interesting at the end.  In the beginning, I was very much saddened by the fact that the wife did not support the husband but abused him physically, verbally, and emotionally.  I admire the husband, however, for not leaving her altogether on the spot but doing some self-examination and realizing that he probably could/should support his wife better.  Kudos to the husband for roping two ghosts in to help him get rich.  That was pretty great!


A medieval ghost by Gallowglass
Source:  Wikipedia